MUSCLE IDENTIFICATION KEY

1 either: covering the greater part of the animal's flank CUTANEUS TRUNCI

or: a small plate-like muscle, often appearing as several digitations, which is situated on the shoulder anteriorly to the above (pig 31; sheep 2, 14) CUTANEUS OMOBRACHIALIS

or: a small strap-like muscle with an origin on the iliac fascia and a cut surface indicating that it was once inserted onto the testis CREMASTER EXTERNUS

1 either: with any attachment to the humerus 2

or: without any attachment to the humerus 14

2 either: a muscle lying completely within the limb 3

or: extending to an attachment not on the limb skeleton 6

3 either: a muscle whose belly does not lie associated with the radius in the lower limb 4

or: a muscle whose belly is associated with the radius 7

4 either: a muscle attached to the radius and lying in the musculo-spiral groove of the humerus

BRACHIALIS

or: not attached to the radius but to the olecranon instead 5

5 either: inserted laterally on the olecranon TRICEPS BRACHII CAPUT LATERALE

or: inserted medially on the olecranon TRICEPS BRACHII CAPUT MEDIALE

or: a small muscle, difficult to separate from the above and covering the olecranon fossa ANCONEUS

(pig 1)

6 either: a compound strap-like muscle with an attachment to the skull which has been cut by dressing the carcass

BRACHIOCEPHALICUS

or: a broad, flat muscle which extends over the sternum to the mid-ventral line and is divisible into two parts PECTORALIS SUPERFICIALIS

7 either: a conspicuous muscle with a tendinous attachment to the foot, severed at the carpo-metacarpal joint in the dressed carcass 8

or: a feeble muscle on the medial surface of the elbow PRONATOR TERES

8 either: a muscle with any direct attachment to the ulna or radius or both 9

or: with no direct attachment to the ulna or radius 10

(pig 34,42)

9 either: a muscle with an attachment to the coronoid fossa of the humerus EXTENSOR DIGITORUM COMMUNIS, COMMON HEAD

(pig 6)

or: with an attachment to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LATERALIS

(pig 8)

or: with an attachment to the medial epicondyle of the humerus FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS

(pig 43)

10 either: a muscle with any direct attachment to the coronoid fossa of the humerus 11

or: without any direct attachment to the coronoid fossa 12

11 either: a large muscle lying in the anterior part of the leg with an attachment to the lateral condyloid crest of the humerus EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS

(pig 4)

or: with no attachment to the lateral condyloid crest EXTENSOR DIGITORUM COMMUNIS, MEDIAL PART

(pig 7)

12 either: a muscle with an attachment to the medial epicondyle of the humerus 13

or: with an attachment to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS

13 Since there are four muscles attached to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and one which overlies the others has already been identified (i.e., flexor carpi ulnaris), the remaining muscles are distinguishable in the dressed carcass by their position relative to each other.

either: the most medial FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS

(pig 11)

or: largest and most lateral FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS, HUMERAL HEAD

or: intermediate in position

FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS

14 either: a muscle with a belly level with the radius in the lower limb 15

or: a thin superficial muscle lying to the posterior of the limb and which extends dorsally towards the scapula TENSOR FASCIA ANTIBRACHII

(pig 44)

15 either: a muscle with any attachment to the radius 16

or: without any attachment to the radius

FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS, ULNAR HEAD

(pig 35)

16 either: a muscle attached to the ulna ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS

(pig 8)

or: with no ulnar attachment FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS, RADIAL HEAD

1 either: a muscle with a direct attachment to the fibula or tibia or both 2

(pig 41)

or: without an attachment to the tibia or fibula 8

2 either: a muscle with an attachment to the lateral epicondyle of the, to a fibrous fibula or to a ligament connecting to the femur 3

or: a muscle with an attachment to the lateral condyle of the tibia but with no attachment to the lateral epicondyle of the femur, to a fibrous fibula or to a ligament connecting to the femur 6

or: a small muscle whose only skeletal attachment is to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula and which blends distally onto the lateral face of a separate larger muscle SOLEUS

3 either: a small triangular muscle behind the joint between the femur and tibia and with an attachment to the femur POPLITEUS

or: attached to a ligament connecting to the femur 4

4 either: attached to the fibrous remnant of the fibula (pig 9, 46) 5

or: no attachment to the fibula (pig 9)

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LATERALIS, (PEDIS)

(pig 40)

5 either: a muscle with two heads located anteriorly in the limb TIBIALIS CRANIALIS

or: a muscle located laterally in the limb, but with a tendon which runs diagonally to the posterior distal part of the limb PERONEUS LONGUS

6 either: one of three obvious muscles with tendons to the foot severed at the tarso-metatarsal joint 7

(pig 38, 39)

or: a small muscle which blends into another larger muscle SOLEUS

in the sheep

7 The remaining muscles reached here are all part of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus Pedis (pig 12, 13, 14)

either: most medial in position FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

or: deepest, and in the axis of the limb

FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS

or: superficial and lateral in position

TIBIALIS CAUDALIS

8 either: a muscle attached to the patella or to its immediate ligaments 9

or: not attached to the patella or its immediate ligaments 11

9 either: a small muscle situated immediately proximal to the patella ARTICULARIS GENU

or: a large muscle located either medially, anteriorly or laterally to the femur 10

10 either: a double-headed muscle wrapped round the anterior face of the femur and lying covered by other muscles in the intact limb VASTUS INTERMEDIUS

or: a large muscle located over and medial to the above muscle, difficult to separate from its medial surface VASTUS MEDIALIS

or: a large muscle lying laterally in the leg with part of its surface located subcutaneously

VASTUS LATERALIS

11 either: a small muscle lying distally in the limb with its origin from the tibial tarsal bone

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS

(pig 5)

or: with no origin from the tibial tarsal bone 12

12 either: a muscle with an origin from a tendon attached in the extensor fossa of the femur 13

or: without such an origin 14

13 There are three quite large extensor muscles originating from the tendon attached in the extensor fossa of the femur; in the dressed carcass they can be distinguished by their relative positions.

either: the most superficial and situated medially

PERONEUS TERTIUS

or: deeper and medial EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS, MEDIAL PART

(pig 10)

or: deeper and lateral EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS, LATERAL PART

14 either: a muscle with an attachment to the vertebrae and the trochanter of the femur PSOAS MAJOR

(pig 22)

or: without a vertebral attachment 15

15 either: a large double-headed muscle (although it sometimes appears to have three heads in cross section) situated posteriorly to the femur and originating on the lateral and medial supracondyloid crests and from the medial epicondyle of the femur (pig 33,sheep 8) GASTROCNEMIUS

or: a smaller muscle covered by the above and originating from the supracondyloid fossa of the femur only FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS

(pig 15)

1 either: with a direct attachment to the humerus 2

or: without a humeral attachment 11

2 either: with any attachment to the lateral surface of the humerus 3

or: without any attachment to the lateral surface of the humerus 8

3 either: with any attachment to the medial surface of the humerus 4

or: without attachment to the medial surface of the humerus 5

4 either: a large muscle filling the supraspinous fossa dorsal to the scapular spine SUPRASPINATUS

or: a large muscle extending over the sternum

PECTORALIS PROFUNDUS

(sheep 7, pig 21)

5 either: with direct attachment to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus 6

or: without such an attachment 7

6 either: a muscle attached to the acromion (pig 3) DELTOID, PARS ACROMIALIS

or: attached to the posterior edge of the scapula blade DELTOID, PARS SCAPULARIS

7 either: a large muscle almost filling the infraspinous fossa ventral to the scapular spine INFRASPINATUS

or: a small muscle closely associated with the above muscle but having a small insertion on the humerus, posterior to that of the above muscle TERES MINOR

8 either: with any attachment to the ribs or to the lumbodorsal fascia (a large connective tissue sheet over the flank and loin) LATISSIMUS DORSI

or: without such an attachment 9

9 either: a muscle with any attachment to the lip of the glenoid cavity or to the coracoid process

CORACOBRACHIALIS

or: without such an attachment 10

10 either: a muscle with any direct attachment to the central region of the costal surface of the blade of the scapula (i.e., facing the ribs) SUBSCAPULARIS

or: a muscle attached to the posterior corner and adjacent posterior border of the scapula TERES MAJOR

11 either: a muscle with any attachment to the radius or to the olecranon process of the ulna 12

or: without such an attachment 14

12 either: attached to the radius BICEPS BRACHII

(pig 2; sheep 1)

or: attached to the olecranon 13

13 either: a large muscle with an origin from the posterior border of the scapula TRICEPS BRACHII, CAPUT LONGUM

or: a small muscle attached mostly to the surface of another larger muscle but just reaching the posterior angle of the scapula

TENSOR FASCIAE ANTIBRACHII

14 either: with any attachment to the ribs 15

or: without any attachment to the ribs 16

15 The serratus ventralis is a large fan-like muscle which radiates out from the medial surface of the scapula. It is composed of easily visible radiating subunits which end ventrally in a saw-tooth pattern, hence the muscle's name. It can be subdivided as follows:

either: with an insertion to ribs 4 to 9 and no contact with the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae SERRATUS VENTRALIS THORACIS

or: without any insertion to ribs 4 to 9 but having instead insertions on ribs 1 to 3; it originates on the transverse processes of some of the cervical vertebrae SERRATUS VENTRALIS CERVICIS

16 either: a large flat muscle, directly subcutaneous in position 17

or: a large muscle lying deeper in the shoulder region and with no subcutaneous exposure 18

or: a strap-like muscle, partly subcutaneous and with a cervical vertebral attachment OMOTRANSVERSARIUS

17 either: a muscle with an origin from the median raphe of the cervical vertebrae (a connective tissue seam in the dorsal midline of the neck) TRAPEZIUS, PARS CERVICIS

(sheep 13, pig 30)

or: a muscle with any attachment to the dorsal spines of the thoracic vertebrae (excepting the first thoracic vertebra) or to the lumbodorsal fascia (connective tissue sheet over the loin) TRAPEZIUS, PARS THORACIS

18 either: a muscle with any contact with the ligamentum nuchae or the median raphe (seam) in the neck RHOMBOIDEUS, PARS CERVICIS

(sheep 10, pig 26)

or: any attachment to the dorsal spines of thoracic vertebrae 2 to 5 RHOMBOIDEUS, PARS THORACIS

1 either: with any direct attachment to the femur 2

or: without attachment to the femur 11

2 either: with any attachment in the trochanteric fossa of the femur 3

or: without such an attachment 5

3 either: a small fan-shaped muscle arising from the lateral surface of the acetabular ramus of the ischium below the lesser sciatic notch, but having no direct attachment to the lip of the obturator foramen GEMELLUS

or: not resembling the above 4

4 either: a muscle arising from the pelvic face of the ischium and coming through the obturator foramen OBTURATORIUS INTERNUS

or: a muscle arising from the ventral surface of the ischium and pubis and from the lip of the obturator foramen OBTURATORIUS EXTERNUS

5 either: with an attachment to the wing of the ilium 6

or: not attached to the wing of the ilium 8

6 either: a muscle with an attachment to the medial face of the ilium and which may appear to converge with a long muscle running ventral to the lumbar vertebrae ILIACUS

or: with any attachment to the lateral face of the wing of the ilium 7

7 either: a muscle with a long area of attachment to the pelvis, extending anteriorly from the acetabular region GLUTEUS PROFUNDUS

or: with its insertion restricted to the wing of the ilium and lying mainly dorsal and anterior; this is a large muscle with much of its outer face being subcutaneous GLUTEUS MEDIUS

or: a muscle intermediate to the above two muscles in both its position and insertion onto the ilium; its attachment to the lateral face of the ilium is central GLUTEUS ACCESSORIUS

8 either: with any attachment to the pubis 9

or: without any attachment to the pubis 10

9 Two muscles have been defined so far and now they are most easily separated by their size and position (pig 20, sheep 6).

either: a very large posterior muscle ADDUCTOR FEMORIS

or: a smaller anterior muscle PECTINEUS

10 either: a large muscle with an origin from the vertebral part of the tuber ischii SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

or: a small muscle (pig 23) with an origin from the ischium just posterior to the obturator foramen QUADRATUS FEMORIS

11 either: a small muscle severed during the dressing of the carcass 12

or: not as above 13

12 either: a small muscle which before slaughter originated near to the tuber coxae and inserted on the testis; it may look like a detached part of one of the abdominal muscles CREMASTER EXTERNUS

or: a muscle originally attached in the root of the penis removed at slaughter and now only remaining at its origin on the medial surface of the tuber ischii ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS

or: a muscle originally attached to the external sphincter muscle of the anus before its removal and now only remaining at its origin from the ischiatic spine and sacrosciatic ligament LEVATOR ANI

13 either: with any direct vertebral attachment 14

or: without a vertebral attachment 17

14 either: a sheet-like muscle forming part of the abdominal wall OBLIQUUS ABDOMINIS INTERNUS

or: not like the above 15

15 either: a long muscle which forms the large round eye of meat in rib and loin steaks or chops

LONGISSIMUS THORACIS ET LUMBORUM, traditionally called the LONGISSIMUS DORSI

or: a muscle lying ventrally to the transverse processes of the vertebrae 16

16 either: a thin muscle lying directly ventral to the transverse processes and with an insertion to the medial (vertebral) face of the wing of the ilium

QUADRATUS LUMBORUM

or: a long rope-like muscle attached to the psoas tubercle of the ischium (pig 22) PSOAS MINOR

17 either: a muscle with any direct attachment to the tibia or patella 18

or: without such an attachment 22

18 either: a large muscle with no attachment to the tibia but attached directly to the patella (pig 25)

RECTUS FEMORIS

or: attached to the tibia 19

19 either: attached to the tuber ischii 20

or: not attached to the tuber ischii 21

20 either: a large flat muscle located laterally on the thigh and which has an attachment to the lateral patellar ligament BICEPS FEMORIS

or: a large muscle located posteriorly in the leg and with a medial attachment to the tibia SEMITENDINOSUS

21 either: a narrow strap-like muscle with two heads originating near the psoas tubercle of the ilium SARTORIUS

or: a large flat muscle covering a large part of the medial surface of the thigh GRACILIS

22 The rectus abdominis (group 8, question 13) might have been categorized into this group because of its attachment to the pubis is via the prepubic tendon. This muscle is easily identified since it is a large abdominal muscle distinguished by its unusual transverse bands of connective tissue (sheep 9).

either: a muscle contributing largely to the abdominal wall and with attachment to ribs 5 to 13 and the linea alba (white connective tissue in the midline of the belly) OBLIQUUS ABDOMINIS EXTERNUS

or: a triangular muscle situated anteriorly and antero-laterally on the thigh; its pulls on the fascia lata which is the tight sheet of connective tissue covering the anterior face of the hindlimb TENSOR FASCIA LATA

These muscles, as defined so far, include the muscles of the head and throat with no attachment to the cervical vertebrae. These include the muscles of the lips, cheek, nostrils, eyelids and tongue. Only the mandibular muscles are considered further.

1 either: a large muscle on the lateral surface of the cranium filling the temporal fossa and attached to the coronoid process of the mandible

TEMPORALIS

or: not like the above 2

2 either: a muscle situated laterally to the jaws, composed of three layers and with a wide attachment to the malar and maxillary bones and to the zygomatic arch MASSETER

or: not as above, being situated medially to the jaws 3

3 either: a muscle with two bellies in series which attach to the paramastoid process DIGASTRICUS

or: attached to the palatine bone and located laterally PTERYGOIDEUS LATERALIS

or: attached to the palatine bone and located medially PTERYGOIDEUS MEDIALIS

1 either: ventral to the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae 2

or: dorsal to the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae 3

or: located between the transverse processes of the remaining caudal vertebrae

INTERTRANSVERSARII CAUDAE

2 either: a muscle extending into the tail with an attachment to transverse processes posterior to the third coccygeal vertebra SACROCOCCYGEUS VENTRALIS

or: a flat muscle which is attached to the sacrosciatic ligament and which does not extend posterior to the third caudal vertebra COCCYGEUS

3 either: the most dorsal muscle of the tail which has contact with its fellow on the other side

SACROCOCCYGEUS DORSALIS MEDIALIS

or: a muscle located laterally

SACROCOCCYGEUS DORSALIS LATERALIS

1 either: with any direct attachment to any vertebrae or connected to the lumbar vertebrae via the deep lumbar fascia or the ventral longitudinal ligament 2

or: without any vertebral attachment (pig 32) 8

2 either: with any attachment to cervical vertebrae 3

or: without any attachment to cervical vertebrae 6

3 either: with any attachment to the lumbar vertebrae 4

or: located in the neck region 5

4 either: an extensive muscle closely related to the dorsal spines of the vertebrae and included here as it shows irregular attachment to ribs 10 to 15

SPINALES CERVICIS ET THORACIS

or: a long muscle lying dorsally along the ribcage from the transverse processes of cervical vertebra 7 (pig 16) to a weak attachment to the lumbodorsal fascia ILIOCOSTALIS

5 either: attached to the 4th rib SCALENUS DORSALIS

(sheep 11, pig 27)

or: attached to the first rib and to the manubrium SCALENUS VENTRALIS

6 either: a series of muscles attached to the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae 1 to 12

LEVATORES COSTARUM

or: with lumbar attachments 7

7 either: a large flat muscle contributing to the abdominal wall and extending from an origin on the deep lumbar fascia to the linea alba (connective tissue in the midline of the belly) TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS

or: a flat triangular muscle situated in the angle between the last rib and the lumbar vertebrae

RETRACTOR COSTAE

or: the dorsal remains of the lumbar part of the diaphragm situated in the abdominal cavity

8 either: situated between successive ribs 9

or: outside the ribcage and extending into the abdomen or neck 10

or: situated within the ribcage (pig 36, 37) 15

9 either: an intercostal muscle situated laterally and not extending between the costal cartilages INTERCOSTALES EXTERNI

(pig 17, sheep 3)

or: situated medially and extending between the costal cartilages INTERCOSTALES INTERNI

10 either: a muscle originally extending to the head or throat but now severed in the dressed carcass 11

or: not as described above 12

11 either: with an attachment to the first costal cartilage as well as to the manubrium STERNOCEPHALICUS, the deep part = STERNOMASTOIDEUS and the superficial part = STERNOMANDIBULARIS

or: a slender muscle which is attached to the cartilage of the sternum and which was ventral to the trachea STERNOTHYROHYOIDEUS

12 either: with an attachment to the sternum 13

or: not attached to sternum 14

13 either: a large muscle contributing to the abdominal wall and having transverse bands of connective tissue along its length RECTUS ABDOMINIS

or: a flat muscle confined to the anterior, ventral surface of the ribcage RECTUS THORACIS

14 either: a series of muscular digitations on the dorsal parts of ribs 5 to 9 (approximately)

SERRATUS DORSALIS CRANIALIS

(pig 29, sheep 12)

or: a series of muscular digitations on the dorsal parts of ribs 9 to 13 (approximately)

SERRATUS DORSALIS CAUDALIS

or: a flat muscle forming part of the abdominal wall and having attachment to the posterior ribs

OBLIQUUS EXTERNUS ABDOMINIS

15 either: situated directly dorsal to the sternum in the midline of the ribcage TRANSVERSUS THORACIS

or: situated diagonally on the medial face of the body wall at the junction of the thoracic and abdominal cavities DIAPHRAGM

1 either: the muscle, its tendon or obvious fascia has been severed during dressing of the carcass (pig 45) 2

or: the muscle is intact in the dressed carcass 10

2 either: with its attachment restricted to the atlas 3

or: its attachment not restricted to the atlas 6

3 either: attached to the dorsal or lateral surface of the wing of the atlas 4

or: attached to the ventral surface of the wing of the atlas 5

4 either: attached to the lateral border of the wing of the atlas OBLIQUUS CAPITIS CRANIALIS

or: attached antero-dorsally to the neural arch of the atlas RECTUS CAPITIS DORSALIS MINOR

(pig 24)

or: attached dorsally to the spine of the atlas

RECTUS CAPITIS DORSALIS MAJOR

(pig 24)

5 either: a small muscle attached laterally on the ventral surface of the wing of the atlas RECTUS CAPITIS LATERALIS

or: a large muscle attached to the ventral surface of the wing of the atlas, medially to the above

RECTUS CAPITIS VENTRALIS

6 either: without any attachment to thoracic vertebrae 7

or: with some attachment to thoracic vertebrae 8

7 either: originating from a fascia near the shoulder and crossing the trachea in the living animal CERVICOHYOIDEUS

or: originating ventrally to the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 3 to 7 and severed in the dressed carcass as it passes forwards to the base of the skull (sheep 5) LONGUS CAPITIS

8 either: attached to the articular processes of the cervical vertebrae SEMISPINALIS CAPITIS

(pig 28)

or: attached to the transverse prcosses of the cervical vertebrae 9

9 either: a thin flat muscle sharing a median raphe (seam) with its fellow from the other side SPLENIUS

or: not as above LONGISSIMUS CAPITIS

10 either: with an attachment to the thoracic vertebrae 11

or: not attached to thoracic vertebrae 15

11 either: a series of muscles which attach to the articular processes and dorsal spines of the lumbar vertebrae MULTIFIDI DORSI

or: with no lumbar attachments 12

12 either: with any obvious tendon (shared) attaching to the wing of the atlas; the muscle extends posteriorly to thoracic vertebra 7 LONGISSIMUS ATLANTIS

(pig 19)

or: not like the above 13

13 either: attached to the lateral and ventral surfaces of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae LONGUS COLLI

or: attached to the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae 14

14 either: a series of muscles attached to the posterior articular processes, posterior surfaces of bodies or to the dorsal spines of the cervical vertebrae MULTIFIDI CERVICIS

or: not attached as above but attached to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae

LONGISSIMUS CERVICIS

(pig 19)

15 either: a muscle restricted in position to between its attachments to the spine and posterior articular process of the axis and to the dorsal side of the wing of the atlas OBLIQUUS CAPITIS CAUDALIS

or: a series of muscles restricted in position to between the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae INTERTRANSVERSARII LUMBORUM

(pig 18, sheep 4)

or: not as either of the above 16

16 either: a large neck muscle with dorsal and ventral parts, both of which are attached to cervical vertebra 4 and to the wing of the atlas

INTERTRANSVERSARIUS LONGUS

or: a series of muscles. either between the transverse processes of successive cervical vertebrae or between a cervical articular process and its preceeding transverse process

INTERTRANSVERSARII CERVICIS

or: a superficial muscle of the neck region which has an origin from the shoulder fascia and an insertion onto the wing of the atlas OMOTRANSVERSARIUS

NOTES ON THE PIG

1. There are two anconeus muscles

2 Biceps brachii has a medial insertion to the ulna as well as to the radius

3 Deltoideus is undivided

4 Extensor carpi radialis is divided into two parts,longus and brevis

5 Extensor digitorum brevis is a well devloped muscle inserting to both tibial and fibular tarsal bones

6 The common head of the extensor digitorum communis has an insertion to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and is subdivided into medial, middle and deep parts

7 The extensor digitorum communis has an insertion to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Its tendon ends mainly on the third digit.

8 Extensor digitorum lateralis is subdivided into a large dorsal part (extensor digit quarti proprius) and a small volar part (extensor digiti quinti proprius)

9 Extensor digitorum lateralis is attached to the lateral surface of the fibula

10 Functionally represented by a branch of the long extensor part of extensor digitorum brevis

11 Flexor carpi radialis is well developed

12 Tibialis caudalis has an origin from the plantar surface of the fibula

13 Flexor hallucis longus attaches to the medial and plantar surfaces of the fibula as well as being lateral in position

14 Flexor digitorum longus pedis attaches to the fibula

15 Flexor digitorum superficialis has a large belly, closely fused with the lateral head of the gastrocnemius

16 Iliocostalis extends to the wing of the atlas

17 External intercostals may be absent in places

18 Intertransversarii lumborum are well developed

19 Longissimus cervicis fuses with longissimus atlantis

20 Pectineus is quite large

21 Pectoralis profundus is subdivided into cranial and caudal parts

22 Psoas major and minor are fused anteriorly

23 Quadratus femoris is large

24 Rectus capitis dorsalis major and minor are fused

25 Rectus femoris shares a tendon with the other muscles of the quadriceps femoris group (rectus femoris + three vastus muscles)

26 Rhomboideus can be divided into three parts which together extend from the anterior part of the neck, as far back as thoracic vertebrae 9 or 10.

27 Scalenus dorsalis attaches to the third rib

28 Semispinalis capitis is subdivided into a dorsal part (marked with connective tissue) and a ventral part

29 Serratus dorsalis cranialis is situated on ribs 5 to 8

30 Trapezius is inseparable

31 Cutaneus omobrachialis is absent but the cervical cutaneus muscle is very well developed

32 The inferior part of the cervical cutaneus muscle is attached to the anterior extremity of the sternum. The inferior part crosses obliquely over the superior part to continue to the pig's face

33 The porcine soleus muscle has been categorized so far. It is a thick muscle which has an origin from the lateral epicondyle of the femur as well as the deep fascia at the stifle joint. It merges with the lateral edge of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius

34 Extensor digitorum communis is a three part muscle which originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the lateral ligament of the elbow

35 This description also covers extensor digiti secundi proprius. Although this muscle arises on the ulna, its tendon and part of its belly are fused with extensor digitorum communis (see pig 34)

36 Sternocephalicus attaches to the sternum but not costally. Since it runs by way of a round tendon to the mastoid, it is severed during dressing

37 Sternothyrohyoideus attaches to the manubrium of the sternum

38 Tibialis cranialis is a small muscle with an origin on the lateral surface of the tibial tuberosity and on the lateral condyle of the tibia

39 Peroneus longus has been categorized so far since it is only attached to the lateral condyle of the tibia

40 Extensor digitorum lateralis is divided into a large anterior part (extensor digitorum quarti) and a posterior part (extensor digitorum quinti)

41 Extensor hallucis longus and the three heads of flexor digitorum profundus may be included in this group

42 Flexor carpi ulnaris originates only from the medial epicondyle of the humerus

43 Flexor digitorum profundus is described so far and is distinguished by its attachment to the radius, ulna and olecranon

44 Supinator is a thin muscle slip across the face of the radius and originates from the lateral border of the radius. It attaches to the radial head of flexor digitorum profundus

45 Although a pork carcass may retain its head (shipper's style), follow the key as if the head had been removed (packer's style)

46 Although the fibula is well developed, tibialis anterior and peroneus longus originate on the tibia rather than on the fibula

DISTAL EXTENSORS AND FLEXORS IN THE INTACT PORK CARCASS

1 either: situated in the forelimb 2

or: situated in the hindlimb 17

2 either: with any direct attachment to the ulna or radius 3

or: without any direct attachment to the ulna or radius 10

3 either: without any direct or shared insertion onto the phalanges of the digits 4

or: with a direct or shared insertion onto the phalanges 5

4 either: a well covered muscle inserting onto the second metacarpal EXTENSOR CARPI OBLIQUUS

or: a small muscle placed medially on the elbow with an insertion to the medial epicondyle of the humerus PRONATOR TERES

5 either: with its tendon situated on the volar surface of the digits; a strong muscle with three heads and large tendons to digits 3 and 4 6

or: with its tendon situated on the dorsal surface of the digits 7

6 either: with an origin from the medial epicondyle of the humerus FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS, HUMERAL HEAD

or: with an origin from the medial, caudal and lateral parts of the proximal region of the ulna

FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS, ULNAR HEAD

or: with an origin from the radius

FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS, HUMERAL HEAD

7 either: a small muscle without any direct insertion onto the phalanges but contributing its insertion to another muscle or tendon 8

or: a laterally situated muscle with its own tendon to the phalanges 9

8 either: a small muscle situated medially and partly covered by another small muscle to which its tendon is attached EXTENSOR DIGITI SECUNDI PROPRIUS

or: a muscle slip with a lateral origin from the radius and a medial insertion onto the head of another muscle SUPINATOR

9 These muscles are both part of the extensor digitorum lateralis and they can be separated as follows:

either: a large dorsal part inserting onto digit 4

EXTENSOR DIGITI QUARTI PROPRIUS

or: a small part with no insertion onto digit 4 EXTENSOR DIGITI QUINTI PROPRIUS

10 either: with a lateral origin from the humerus 11

or: with a medial origin from the humerus 14

11 either: with any direct insertion onto a metacarpal bone 12

or: with a direct insertion onto the phalanges of the digits 13

12 either: a large muscle inserted onto the metacarpal of the third digit EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS

or: inserted onto the metacarpal of the fifth digit EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS

13 These muscles are parts of the extensor digitorum communis which can be subdivided as follows:

either: with a large flat tendon running centrally down the dorsal surface of the carpal region (back of hand) and inserting onto digit 3

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM COMMUNIS, MEDIAL PART

or: with an insertion to digit 5

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM COMMUNIS, DEEP PART

or: with a "Y" branch between digits 3 and 4

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM COMMUNIS, MIDDLE PART

14 either: with any connection or insertion onto metacarpal or accessory bones 15

or: with no insertion onto metacarpal or accessory bones but with an insertion onto the phalanges 16

15 either: a well developed muscle inserting onto the metacarpal of digit 3 and with a tendon tending to wrap round another tendon FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS

or: a narrow muscle inserted onto an accessory carpal bone only FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS

or: the superficial part of another muscle inserting onto an accessory carpal bone but also having a double tendon to digit 4 FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS, SUPERFICIAL PART

16 either: joining to form a large tendon with branches to digits 2, 3, 4 and 5 FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS, RADIAL HEAD

or: with a tendon on the volar surface (palm of hand) of the third digit FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS, DEEP PART

17 either: With an origin from the femur or a ligament connecting with the femur 18

or: without such an origin 23

18 either: with an origin from the extensor fossa of the femur 19

or: without such an origin 20

19 either: of the two muscles originating from the extensor fossa, this is a well developed muscle inserted onto the third metatarsal PERONEUS TERTIUS

or: a deeper muscle, the tendon of which has an obvious "Y" branch between digits 3 and 4 to insert on their third phalanges EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

20 either: with a tendon terminating at the fibular tarsal bone 21

or: continuing to the digits 22

or: inserting onto the tibia POPLITEUS

21 either: originating posteriorly from the shaft of the femur GASTROCNEMIUS

or: with an origin from the lateral epicondyle of the femur and a fascia at the knee SOLEUS

22 either: with an origin from the lateral femoro-tibial ligament and also from the lateral part of the fibula (this muscle has a part to digit 4, extensor digiti quarti, and a part to digit 5, extensor digiti quinti) EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LATERALIS

or: with an origin one third the way up the shaft of the femur, posteriorly surounded by another large muscle and with a tendon running over a groove on the fibular tarsal bone FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS

23 either: with an origin from the fibula 24

or: without an origin from the fibula 27

24 either: the whole or part of a three headed muscle (flexor digitorum profundus) originating from the tibia and from a large common tendon on the plantar surface of the foot 25

or: without an origin from the tibia 26

25 either: a medial muscle with an origin from the proximal part of the fibula FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

or: a lateral muscle with its fibular origin medial and plantar FLEXOR HALLUCIS

26 either: a small muscle with a tendon to the dorsal surface of digit 2 EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS

or: a muscle contributing to a large compound tendon on the plantar surface TIBIALIS CAUDALIS

part of flexor digitorum profundus

27 either: a muscle originating from the tibial and fibular tarsal bones EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS

or: without such an origin 28

28 either: with a tendon to the plantar surface, crossing over to insert on the first tarsal bone PERONEUS LONGUS

or: with a tendon passing down the dorsal face of the foot to insert onto the second tarsal and metatarsal bones TIBIALIS CRANIALIS

NOTES ON THE SHEEP

1 Biceps brachii has an ulnar insertion as well as to the radius

2 Omobrachialis is absent

3 External intercostals may be greatly reduced, particularly ventrally

4 Intertransversarii lumborum are poorly developed

5 Longus capitis is attached to the tranverse processes of the second to the sixth cervical vertebrae

6 Pectineus is quite large 4;7 Pectoralis profundus is subdivided into cranial and caudal parts 4;8 The piriformis muscle (caudal lobe of gluteus accessorius) is also categorized so far. It may be identified by its origin from the lateral surface of the sacrosciatic ligament in the region of the ischiatic spine and by its insertion onto the medial aspect of the greater trochanter, caudal to the insertion of the deep gluteal

9 Rectus abdominis is particularly likely to be included here rather than in group 8 because of its more direct attachment to the pubis in sheep. The muscle is easly recognized by the transverse bands of connective tissue along its length

10 Rhomboideus can be subdivided into three parts. Pars cervicalis is inserted onto the second cervical to the sixth thoracic vertebrae. Pars capitis is inserted with splenius on the occipital bone. Pars thoracalis is inserted as far posteriorly as the ninth or tenth thoracic vertebrae.

11 Scalenus dorsalis might be attached to the dorsal part of the first rib

12 Serratus dorsalis cranialis is situated on ribs 4 to 5

13 Trapezius may be difficult to subdivide

14 Cutaneous omobrachialis is absent as a separate muscle

SOME SYNONYMS TO MUSCLE NAMES USED IN THE KEY

Abductor pollicis longus = extensor carpi obliquus

Adductor = adductor femoris

Brachiocephalicus = cleidobrachial

+ cleidoccipital

+ cleidomastoideus

Cervicohyoideus = omohyoideus

Cutaneus trunci = panniculus carnosus

Extensor carpi ulnaris = ulnaris lateralis

Extensor digitorum brevis = extensor digitalis brevis

Extensor digitorum communis = common digital extensor

+ medial digital extensor

Extensor digitorum lateralis = extensor digiti quarti proprius

Extensor digitorum longus = extensor digitorum longus

+ medial digital extensor

Flexor digitorum profundus = flexor digitalis profundus

+ ulnar head + radial head

Flexor digitorum profundus pedis = tibialis caudalis (posterior)

+ flexor hallucis longus

+ flexor digitorum longus pedis

Flexor digitorum superficialis = flexor digitorum sublimis

Flexor digitorum superficialis pedis = plantaris

Iliocostalis = longissimus costarum

Intertransversarii cervicis = intertransversales colli

Intertransversarius longus = intertransversales colli

(cranio-ventral bundle)

Ischiocavernosus = erector penis

Levator ani = retractor ani

Longissimi thoracis et lumborum = longissimus dorsi

(when spinalis dorsi and

longissimus cervicis

are separable)

Longissimus cervicis = anteroventral subdivision

of longissimus dorsi

Longus capitis = rectus capitis ventralis major

Obturatorius externus = obturator externus

Obturatorius internus = obturator internus

Piriformis = lobe of gluteus accessorius

Rectus capitis ventralis = rectus capitis ventralis minor

Rectus thoracis = transversus costarum

Sacrococcygeus dorsalis lateralis = sacrococcygeus lateralis

Sacrococcygeus dorsalis medialis = sacrococcygeus dorsalis

Semispinalis capitis = complexus

Serratus ventralis cervicis = serratus ventralis

Serratus ventralis thoracis = serratus thoracis

Spinales cervisi et thoracis = spinalis dorsi

Sternocephalicus = sternomastoideus + sternomandibularis

Triceps surae = gastrocnemius + soleus